Face To Face Interviews
- Advantages
o answers questions etc
o probe
o encourage participation
- Disadvantages
o possible interviewer bias
o respondent may not like interviewer
o social desirability issues with sensitive questions
o cost
o time consuming
- individual interviews
o location
§ central location à convenience à shopping centre
· sampling
o difficult to produce sampling frame for locations like shopping centre
o may have a list with schools / hospitals etc
§ residential
· advantages
o probability sampling is possible
o respondents more relaxed in own environment
o privacy
o easier to administer longer interviews
· dis advantages
o cost
o difficult to locate respondents if incidence of target population low
o stranger issues
o interviewer safety
- Group Surveys / Focus Groups
o issues
§ encourages discussion
§ moderator can guide
§ increases motivation
o Advantages
§ helpful to define survey problem
§ provide qualitative info
§ interaction between respondents à richness of discussion
o limitations
§ need suitable location
§ coordinate
§ respondents can deviate
Telephone Methods
- advantages
o low cost
o less interviewer bias
o short turn around time
o instant data entry with CATI
o appropriate for sensitive issues
- limitations
o bias à those without phones
o resistance à invasion of privacy
o easy for respondent to terminate interview.
- sampling
o systematic list from directories
§ bias à unlisted numbers
o random digit dialing
§ allows contact with unlisted numbers
§ disadvantages
· does not distinguish between residential / business numbers
· non – existent numbers
· counting non-existent numbers may lead to wrong rates being calculated.
Postal Surveys
- Advantages
o inexpensive
o short time to distribute large number of questionnaires
o wide geographic area
o complete survey in own time
o no interviewer bias
o may get better answers on sensitive questions
- Disadvantages
o questionnaires need to be simple / easy to follow
o slow to resolve queries by mail
o lower response rates
o incomplete data
o coding can be expensive
o can't guarantee that correct person has completed.
- Incentives
o increase response rates
o increase costs
o do they encourage considered response
- Advantages of hand delivering
On Line Methods
- e-mail surveys
o text
o link
- web based
E-mail Surveys
- Advantages
o inexpensive
o own time
o easy to monitor / follow-up
o short turnaround time
o respondents do data entry
o can incorporate visual aids
- limitations
o requires sampling frame of e-mail addresses
o sampling frames not available / incomplete
o respondents need to regularly check e-mail
Web Surveys
- advantages
o short turn around time
o respondents do data entry
o can incorporate visual aids
o easier to reach wider population
o simpler to use complex branching
o error checking for responses / feedback
o enforce answering
o randomize question order
o limited results can be available immediately.
- limitations
o multiple participation
o probability sampling may not be possible
- online packages
o surveymonkey
o zoomerang
o surveygizmo
Choosing Right Method
- choice of data collection depends on
o purpose of research
§ may need to show samples etc
o proposed survey questions
§ complex questions
§ open response
§ sensitive questions
§ complex sequencing
o who will provide information
§ widely dispersed
§ certain target pops : children / illiterate
o incidence in general pop
o cost
o time
Multimode Methods
- eg, mix of face to face (accessible) and telephone (remote)
- mode effects can impact
Observation Methods
- advantages
o no interviewer effects
o good for relationships / interactions / children's behaviour
- disadvantages
o time consuming
o may be difficult to be objective
Using Secondary Data
- what is secondary data
- why use secondary data
- advantages
o inexpensive
o comparability
- issues
o quality
o age
o format can be different etc
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